Statistik dalam penyelidikan pendidikan

PENDAHULUANTajuk ini dipilih kerana parity pengkaji hendak mengetahui tahap penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi ( TMK ) di kalangan guru-guru Sains sekolah menengah di daerah Gombak bagi memastikan kejayaan mengintegrasikan teknologi ke dalam bilik darjah. Pendidik yang berkompetensi teknologi memahami hubungan di antara fungsi asas komputer dan pembelajaran pelajar. Setiap kali suatu teknologi baru diperkenalkan dalam bilik darjah, ada pihak yang Akan menyokong dan mendakwa teknologi ini Akan merevolusikan cara guru mengajar, cara murid belajar dan secara amnya keseluruhan cara pendidikan dikendalikan. Dalam abad ke-21 ini, negara menghadapi cabaran baru kesan daripada globalisasi, liberalisasi, pengantarabangsaan dan perkembangan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi ( TMK ) . Sehubungan dengan itu Malaysia memerlukan modal insan yang juga celik TMK, progresif dan mampu bersaing di pasaran kerja planetary. Oleh itu, guru-guru perlulah lebih `competent ‘ dan `well-informed ‘ , dimana seseorang guru itu berkemampuan mengolah maklumat dan pengetahuan yang sebegitu banyak dengan ketajaman daya analisisnya dan kemampuannya untuk berfikir secara integratif dan conceptual. Ini akan membolehkannya bertindak balas dengan cepat terhadap perkembangan pesat di sekitarnya. Beberapa masalah timbul mengenai pengetahuan tahap penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi di kalangan guru-guru Sains di sekolah menengah. Antaranya adalah:Sejauh manakah tahap penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains?Adakah penggunaan TMK membantu meringankan beban guru dalam P & A ; P Sains?Apakah faktor-faktor yang mendorong dan menghalang penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains?OBJEKTIF KAJIANObjektif kajian ini ialah untuk:Untuk mengenalpasti tahap frekuensi penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains.Untuk mengenalpasti tahap frekuensi bentuk bahan TMK yang digunakan oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains.Untuk mengenalpasti faktor yang mendorong penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains.Untuk mengenalpasti faktor yang menghalang penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains.Untuk mengenalpasti kelebihan penggunaan TMK dalam P & A ; P Sains.SOALAN KAJIANKajian ini dijalankan untuk menjawab beberapa persoalan mengenai tahap penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains.Apakah tahap frekuensi penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains?Apakah tahap frekuensi bentuk bahan TMK yang digunakan oleh gu ru dalam P & A ; P Sains?Apakah faktor yang mendorong peggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains?Apakah faktor yang menghalang penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam P & A ; P Sains?Apakah kelebihan penggunaan TMK dalam P & A ; P Sains?METODOLOGIDua teknik analisis telah digunakan dalam kajian ini, yakni yang pertama analisis deskriptif dan yang keduanya adalah analisis inferensi. Statistik deskriptif membantu mengatur, memaparkan dan menerangkan informations dengan menggunakan jadual, graf dan teknik rumusan. Terdapat lapan puluh responden, oleh itu ianya boleh diklasifikasikan sebagai sesuatu populasi. Selain daripada itu, statistic inferensi pula merangkumi teknik atau langkah yang menggunakan sampel ujikaji untuk membuat keputusan dan generalisasi terhadap sesuatu populasi. Justeru, demi memenuhi keperluan ujikaji, dua jenis analisis deskriptif telah digunakan. Analisis ini menggunakan peratus untuk menerangkan maklumat tentang latarbelakang responden seperti jantina, umur, bangsa, opysen, bilangan tahun mengajar matapelajaran sains dan latarbelakang pendidikan tertinggi. Analisis yang disertakan dalam kajian ini turut mengandungi peratus, min, sisihan piawai, mod, average serta julat minimal dan maximal untuk menerangkan pembolehubah-pembolehubah yang telah dipilih diatas. Selain daripada itu, empat jenis statistik inferensi turut digunakan dalam kajian ini. Chi- kuasa dua digunakan untuk mengkaji hubungan antara dua pembolehubah nominal, iaitu jantina dan bilangan tahun mengajar matapelajaran Sains. Ujikaji-T pula telah digunakan untuk menentukan min antara pembolehubah-pembolehubah tidak bersandar. Korelasi Pearson R, juga telah digunakan untuk menganalisa perhubungan di antara pembolehubah-pembolehubah tidak bersandar. Pembolehubah-pemboleh ubah yang dikaji adalah tahap penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh guru dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh guru, serta kelebihan penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains.SAMPEL KAJIANDalam kajian ini, sampel terdiri daripada guru-guru yang mengajar mata pelajaran Sains di sekolah menengah. Sampel kajian ini dipilih secara rawak mudah yang terdiri daripada pelbagai bangsa dan agama. Persampelan rawak mudah merupakan proses menggunakan sampel bila mana individu dalam populasi mempunyai kebarangkalian yang sama untuk dipilih. Bilangan sampel terdiri daripada 80 Pongo pygmaeus guru yang mengajar dalam mata pelajaran Sains di sekolah menengah.INSTRUMEN KAJIANDalam kajian ini satu set soal selidik telah digunakan untuk mengumpul informations iaitu: –Bahagian A: Soal Selidik Latar Belakang RespondenBahagian B: Soal Selidik Tahap Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi Oleh Guru-Guru Sains ( TPTMK )Bahagian C: Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains ( FPTMK )Bahagian D: Kelebihan Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains ( KPTMK )Bahagian A: Soal Selidik Latar Belakang RespondenBahagian A adalah soal selidik berkaitan dengan maklumat diri subjek. Antara item-item yang dimuatkan untuk mendapatkan maklumat pe ribadi guru ialah umur, jantina, bangsa dan opysen matapelajaran, Di samping itu juga, soal selidik ini berkaitan dengan sumber maklumat mengenai bilangan tahun mengajar dalam mata pelajaran Sains dan latar belakang pendidikan tertinggi. Sumber maklumat ini telah diubah suai oleh pengkaji agar bersesuaian dengan kajian yang dijalankan. Subjek diminta menandakan ( / ) terhadap sumber maklumat yang berkaitan dengan diri subjek.Bahagian B: Soal Selidik Tahap Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi Oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains ( TPTMK )Bahagian ini adalah doal selidik mengenai tahap penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi terhadap subjek yang dikaji. Alat kajian ini sebenarnya menguji tentang kekerapan tahap penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi subjek dalam Masa seminggu dan juga tahap kekerapan penggunaan peralatan, perkakasan atau perisian yang dibekalkan semasa pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains. Responden dikehendaki menjawab dua puluh Lima soalan dengan menggunakan dua pilihan jawapan iaitu ya atau tidak.Bahag ian C: Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains. ( FPTMK )Bahagian C adalah soal selidik berkaitan dengan faktor-faktor yang mendorong dan menghalang penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh guru dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains. Dalam bahagian ini juga, responden dikehendaki menjawab Lima puluh soalan dengan menggunakan dua pilihan jawapan iaitu ya atau tidak.Bahagian D: Kelebihan Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains. ( KPTMK )Bahagian D pula, merupakan soal selidik berkaitan dengan kelebihan penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh guru dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains. Bahagian ini terbahagi kepada dua kumpulan soalan. Responden dikehendaki menjawab soalan dengan menggunakan dua pilihan jawapan iaitu ya atau tidak.PEMBOLEHUBAH KAJIANPembolehubah bebas dalam kajian ini ialah umur, jantina, bangsa, bilangan t ahun mengajar dan latarbelakang pendidikan tertinggi. Manakala pembolehubah bersandar adalah tahap penggunaan TMK dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi serta kelebihan penggunaan TMK. Soalselidik ini terbahagi kepada empat bahagian iaitu Bahagian A, B, C dan D. Bahagian A mengandungi pembolehubah-pembolehubah di bawah:JantinaUmurBangsaOpysenPengalaman mengajar matapeajaran SainsLatarbelakang Pendidikan TertinggiDalam kajian ini terdapat satu set borang soal selidik yang mengandungi tiga bahagian iaitu Bahagian A, Bahagian B, Bahagian C dan Bahagian D. Dalam Bahagian A, soal selidik latar belakang responden digunakan untuk mengumpul maklumat daripada responden, bilangan tahun mengajar dan latarbelakang pendidikan seperti yang dipaparkan di atas. Bahagian B pula, adalah soal selidik berkaitan dengan tahap penggunaan TMK guru dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains. Soal selidik tentang tahap penggunaan TMK ini terdiri daripada item-item yang berkaitan dengan tahap kekerapan mengunakan TMK dalam seminggu semasa sesi pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains. Selain itu, item-item berkaitan dengan kekerapan menggunakan peralatan, perkakasan atau perisian TMK dalam Masa seminggu. Bahagian C, adalah berkaitan dengan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains. Dalam bahagian ini item-item yang terdapat dalamnya adalah berkaitan dengan faktor mendorong dan menghalang responden dalam menjayakan pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains dengan menggunakan TMK. Bahagian D, adalah mengenai kelebihan penggunaan TMK oleh guru dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains. Bahagian ini terdiri daripada 50 soalan tertutup yang memerlukan responden menjawab ya atau tidak. Soalan -soalan yang dikemukankan merangkumi, kebaikan dan kelebihan TMK dalam meringankan beban guru dengan menjimatkan Masa, tenaga dan coss dalam penyediaan sesi pengajaran dan pembelajaran Sains.LATARBELAKANG RESPONDENItem-item dalam bahagian A soal selidik secara umumnya digunakan untuk mengenalpasti demografi responden Dari aspek umur, jantina, bangsa, opsyen, bilangan tahun mengajar matapelajaran Sains dan latar belakang akademik responden. Seramai 80 Pongo pygmaeus responden yang terdiri daripada 100 % guru Dari Lima buah sekolah menengah di sekitar daerah Gombak. Seramai 40 Pongo pygmaeus responden terdiri daripada guru lelaki, manakala selebihnya merupakan guru perempuan. Majoriti respoden Lelaki and Perempuan masing masing adalah 50 % ( n=40 ) Majoriti respoden adalah dalam lingkungan 30-34 tahun iaitu sebanyak 31 % ( n=25 ) .Diikuti 30 % ( n=24 ) adalah responden dalam lingkungan umur 25-29 tahun. Umur 35-39 ( n=2 ) responden adalah sebanyak 15 % manakala 14 % responden adalah dalam lingkungan 40-44 tahun. 45 keatas adalah sebanyak 6 % dan 4 % adalah umur diantara 20-24 tahun. Majoriti responden adalah Bangsa Melayu iaitu 44 % ( n=35 ) .Dikuti oleh bangsa Cina 28 % ( n=22 ) , 21 % ( n=17 ) adalah bangsa India, manakala 8 % ( n=6 ) adalah dalam kategori lain lain. Majoriti responden 85 % ( n=68 ) adalalah Dari aliran Sains, manakala 15 % ( n=15 ) adalah dalam aliran Bukan Sains. Sejumlah 39 % respoden ( n=31 ) mempunyai Pengalaman Mengajar diantara 4-6 tahun, 0-3 tahun dalam sebanyak 34 % ( n=27 ) , dikuti 7-9 tahun 20 % ( n=16 ) dan hanya 8 % ( n=6 ) mempunyai Pengalaman Mengajar 10 tahun ke atas. 75 % respoden ( n=60 ) adalah kelulusan Ijazah Sarjana Muda, manakala bagi Ijazah Sarjana dan Diploma masing masing adalah 13 % ( n=10 ) .Analisis informationsEmpat inferens analisis telah dijalankan. Khi kuasa dua digunakan untuk menguji perhubungan antara dua pembolehubah-pembolehubah tidak bersandar nominal, jantina dan bilangan tahun mengajar matapelajaran Sains. T-tests telah dijalankan untuk bandingkan cara antara pembolehubah-pembolehubah bersandar. Tiga pembolehubah bersandar yang telah dikaji ialah: Tahap Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi Oleh Guru-Guru Sains ( TPTMK ) , Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains ( FPTMK ) , Kelebihan Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains ( KPTMK ) .Ujian DeskriptifJadual 6.1, 6.2 dan 6.3 menunjukan tahap-tahap bagi TPTMK, FPTMK, dan KPTMK masing-masing. Nilai berangka dimensi pembolehubah-pe mbolehubah di atas sahaja tidak menunjukkan kekuatan relatif tahap-tahap ini. Beberapa perbandingan diperlukan untuk menandakan ini. Jadual 6.4: Ujian Analisis Khi Kuasa Dua Antara Jantina Dan Bilangan Tahun Mengajar Untuk Keseluruhan Sampel ( N=80 ) . Langkah 1: H0: Tidak ada perhubungan jantina dan bilangan tahun mengajar H1: Terdapat perhubungan antara jantina dan bilangan tahun mengajar Langkah 2: Kami menggunakan taburan X? untuk menguji darjah kebebasan atau perhubungan antara pembolehubah jantina dan bilangan tahun mengajar Langkah 3: Menentukan kawasan penolakan dan bukan penolakan. Tahap signifikan ialah 0.05 atau 5 % . Kawasan dalam hujung kanan = ? = 0.05 Darjah kebebasan, df = ( Jumlah barisan – 1 ) ( Bilangan ruangan – 1 ) = ( 2 – 1 ) ( 4 – 1 ) = 3 Daripada Jadual X? , untuk df = 3, ? = 0.05, X? = 7.815 Langkah 6: Nilai 3.3 yang diperolehi adalah lebih kecil daripada nilai kritikal ( 7.815 ) dan ia jatuh dalam kawasan bukan penolakan H0. Oleh itu, kami menolak H1 dan mengekalkan H0 ; dimana tidak adenosine deaminase signifikan ( p & lt ; 0.05 ) perhubungan antara jantina dan bilangan tahun mengajar ( X? = 3.3, P & A ; gt ; 0.05 ) . Pekali korelasi additive adalah 0.0018 ( dibundarkan kepada 2 tempat perpuluhan ) Interpretasi: Korelasi di antara TPTMK and FPTMK adalah lemah. Korelasi kuasa dua, merupakan pekali bagi penentuan. r2 = ( 0.0018 ) 2 = 0.00 menunjukkan kiraan 0 % terhadap varians bagi skor FPTMK dalam kes ini. Langkah 4: Menguji dapatan signifikan R melalui hipotesis nul supaya tiada hubungan yang signifikan di antara skor TPTMK dan FPTMK. Bagi menguji nilai dapatan signifikan R yang diperolehi, pertama perlu setkan Arass signifikan yang hendak diuji iaitu 1 % atau pada P & A ; gt ; .01. Kemudian uji hipotesis mengenai populasi pekali korelasi P menggunakan sampel pekali korelasi r. Selain itu jadual taburan T boleh digunakan dalam ujian ini. Apabila n – 2 merupakan nilai darjah kebebasan. Hipotesis nul merupakan pekali korelasi additive di antara dua pembolehubah yang kosong, ? = 0. Hipotesis alternatif boleh menjadi: Pekali korelasi additive di antara 2 pembolehubah yang kurang daripada kosong, ? & A ; gt ; 0 Pekali korelasi additive di antara 2 pembolehubah yang lebih daripada kosong, ? & A ; lt ; 0 Pekali korelasi additive di antara 2 pembolehubah yang tidak sama dengan kosong, ? ? 0 Catat hipotesis nul: ( ? merupakan pekali korelasi populasi ) Holmium: ? = 0 ( Pekali korelasi additive adalah kosong dalam populasi ) H1: ? & gt ; 0 ( Pekali koralsi additive adalah positif dalam populasi ) bermaksud satu hujung ( Apabila kita menguji H1: hanya korelasi positif wujud di mana Iowa adalah mustahil bagi korelasi negative wujud ) ( Selain itu, kita harus menguji H1: ? ? 0, apabila kami ingin menguji korelasi kedua-dua atau negative iaitu ujian dua- hujung ) Langkah 5: Pilih fungsi taburan yang perlu digunakan. Taburan populasi untuk kedua-dua pembolehubah adalah normal. Oleh itu, kita boleh menggunakan taburan T untuk menunjukkan ujian tersebut adalah pekali korelasi linear. Langkah 6: Menentukan kawasan penolakan dan bukan penolakan Aras signifikan adalah 1 % . Melalui hipotesis alternatif, kita dapat mengetahui ujian itu adalah hujung kanan. Oleh itu Kawasan pada hujung kanan taburan T = 0.01 df = n – 2 = 80 – 2 = 78 Melalui taburan T, nilai kritikal bagi T adalah 1.292. Kawasan penolakan dan bukan penolakan untuk ujian ini adalah seperti di bawah: Langkah 8: Membuat keputusan Nilai bagi ujian statistik T = 0.016 is adlah kurang daripada nilai kritikal T = 1.292 dan Iowa jatuh di kawasan yang bukan penolakan. Oleh itu, kita menerima hipotesis nul dan membuat kesimpulan bahawa tiada hubungan additive yang signifikan, di antara TPTMK dengan FPTMK.DAPATAN KAJIANKeputusan Khi-kuasa dua menunjukkan bahawa tiada hubungan di antara jantina dan kawasan khas. ( X2= 3.3, P & A ; gt ; 0.05 ) . Sampel ujian-t yang berpasangan dijalankan untuk menilai jikalau terdapat hubungan di antara FPTMK dan TPTMK, FPTMK dan KPTMK serta TPTMK dan KPTMK. Keputusan menunujukkan bahawa min bagi FPTMK ( , SD= 8.9314 ) adalah signifikan dan lebih besar daripada min bagi TPTMK ( , SD=6.853 ) , t ( 158 ) =44.6329, P & A ; gt ; 0.025. Ini menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan di antara FPTMK dan TPTMK di kalangan guru. Keputusan ini juga menunjukkan bahawa min bagi KPTMK ( , SD=6.293 ) . Ujian-t di antara FPTMK dan KPTMK T ( 158 ) =51.7703, P & A ; gt ; 0.025. Ini juga menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan signifikan di antara FPTMK dan KPTMK di kalangan guru. Keputusan ujian-t di antara TPTMK dan KPTMK adalah T ( 158 ) =6.7902, P & A ; gt ; 0.025. Ini juga menunjukkan bahawa terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan di antara TPTMK dan KPTMK di kalangan guru di daerah Gombak.KESIMPULANKesimpulan yang boleh dibuat daripada analisis empat inferensi adalah khi-kuasa dua menunjukkan bahawa tiada perhubungan di antara jantina dan bilangan tahun mengajar. Manakala kesemua keputusan ujian-t menunjukkan bahawa terdapat hubungan di antara jantina dan pengalaman mengajar. Tambahan pula, keputusan kesemua ujian-t tak bersandar yang utama iaitu Tahap Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi Oleh Guru-Guru Sains ( TPTMK ) , Faktor-faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains ( FPTMK ) , Kelebihan Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi oleh Guru dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Sains ( KPTMK ) ada menunjukkan perkaitan antara satu sama lain. Pekali korelasi Pearson di antara tiga pembolehubah ( TPTMK, FPTMK, KPTMK ) menunjukkan bahawa tidak terdapat hubungan additive yang signifikan di antara mereka. Berdasarkan pada keputusan analisis yang di perolehi, di sarankan adalah baik sekiranya tahap penggunaan teknologi maklumat dan komunikasi oleh guru ditingkatkan. Ini secara tidak langsung akan membantu parity guru meringankan beban guru-guru di sekolah dan Iowa juga akan memberikan kesan baik terhadap pelajar. Guru-guru baru juga harus menjalani kursus pra-pratikum di mana mereka perlu didedahkan kepada Pendekatan Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi dalam Pengajaran Sains. Manakala guru-guru yang sudah berada dalam perkhidmatan atau guru yang berpengalaman, boleh didedahkan kepada Penggunaan Teknologi Maklumat dan Komunikasi melalui kursus pendek atau kursus dalaman. Umumnya, Iowa boleh dikatakan bahawa ramai guru yang berpengalaman secara semula jadi mempunyai banyak pendedahan dan motivasi untuk membangunkan profesion pengajaran mereka. Walaubagaimanapun, kepercayaan ini boleh menjadi persoalan dalam konteks fakta dimana kebolehan dan kecemerlangan seseorang individu boleh meningkat melalui insiatif sendiri atau pembangunan serta keazaman untuk memperbaiki diri sendiri. Oleh itu, ia boleh diringkaskan kepada realiti bahawa Iowa bergantung kepada diri guru itu sendiri untuk menyedari dan meningkatkan kemahiran pengajaran sendiri untuk menjadi guru yang inovatif dan kreatif.RUJUKANCoakes, S.J. , et Al. ( 2008 ) . SPSS Analysis Without Anguish. China: John Wiley & A ; Sons Inc.Green, S.B. , et Al ( 1997 ) . Using SPSS for Windowss: Analyzing and Understanding Data. New Jersey: Prentice HallMann, P.S. ( 2007 ) . Intoduction Statistic 6th Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & A ; Sons Inc.Norusis, M.J. ( 1997 ) . SPSS Guide to Data Analysis. New Jersey: Prentice Hall

30+ Cryptocurrency and Bitcoin Terms

30+ Cryptocurrency and Bitcoin Terms 30+ Cryptocurrency and Bitcoin Terms 30+ Cryptocurrency and Bitcoin Terms By Daniel Scocco Most of us heard or read stories about cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin, blockchain and so on over the past few years. Few of us, however, understand what those terms mean. Given that those technologies are probably here to stay, writers and readers alike would benefit from a basic understanding of the terminology involved. Below you will find an initial list with 32 terms. We plan to update it as new ones appear. 1. Bitcoin Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency. It is the first and most famous cryptocurrency, having being launched in 2009 by an unknown person or organization under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. The main goal of Bitcoin is to create a currency that doesnt rely on a central authority or government, as this feature should give it many benefits, including lower transaction costs. When it was launched the cost of one Bitcoin was only a couple of cents, and late in 2017 the price of one Bitcoin skyrocketed to almost $20,000, crashing after a couple of months to around $7,000. This meteoric rise and fall contributed to increasing the interest in this cryptocurrency around the world. 2. BTC Each cryptocurrency has a 3-letter symbol that is used to designate it on trading platforms. This is similar to the symbols used on stock exchanges to designate specific companies and stock. BTC is the symbol of Bitcoin. 3. Blockchain This is the core technology behind Bitcoin and most other cryptocurrencies. Some people argue that this innovation has more value than Bitcoin itself, because it can be used on countless future projects. The basic idea is to organize all the transactions of a system (i.e. Bitcoin payments) into blocks, and then to connect those blocks in a chain using cryptography. The cryptographic functions ensure that all the transactions on the blockchain are valid, and anyone can check this information, as it is public. On top of that it is impossible to remove or change past transactions, making the system secure. An alternative way of seeing the blockchain is as an open, distributed digital ledger. 4. Cryptocurrency A digital currency which relies on cryptography to validate transactions, removing the need to have a trusted central authority reporting which transaction is valid and which is not. Bitcoin is the most popular one but today we have over 1000 cryptocurrency projects on the market. 5. Altcoin A nickname given to all cryptocurrencies other than Bitcoin, derived from â€Å"alternative coin.† Bitcoin was the only cryptocurrency on the market for many years, and that is why when new ones appeared they received this nickname. 6. ICO Acronym for Initial Coin Offering. This event happens when a crypto project launches its currency or tokens in the market, allowing the first investors to purchase them. The process is similar to an IPO, where a company offers its shares to the public for the first time. Notice that when you invest in an ICO, however, you are not buying equity from that project. Instead, you are buying the coins or tokens of such project, and investors do so hoping that such coins will increase in value over time. 7. Ethereum Currently Ethereum is the second largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization. The goal of this project is to allow programmers to easily create smart contracts (see below) as if they were writing a simple computer software. 8. Cryptography The study of strategies and technical implementations to guarantee the privacy and integrity of information exchanged between two or more parties. For example, if you want to send a message to a friend and want to make sure that only him will be able to read it you could substitute each letter on your message with a specific number or symbol. Only the person in possession of the substitution table (i.e. your friend) will be able to revert the list of numbers or symbols into the original message. Cryptography appeared thousands of years ago due to the need of private communications in military contexts and during wars. 9. Decentralization This is perhaps the most important characteristic of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrency projects. By not having a central authority (i.e. by being decentralized) cryptocurrencies have advantages over fiat currencies and other payment methods. Those advantages include a limited monetary supply (which can make the value of the cryptocurrency increase over time) and, in theory, lower transaction costs. 10. Wallet Software that allows you to store cryptocurrency, and to send and receive payments. 11. Hot wallet A cryptocurrency wallet that is connected to the Internet. It can be a web application or a mobile application. A hot wallet gives you more convenience, because you can instantly send and receive payments using it. That being said they are less secure because hackers can try to gain access through the Internet. 12. Cold wallet A wallet that is not connected to the Internet. You can install such software on a USB drive, for instance. Cold wallets are not convenient to use but they are much more secure because the hacker would need physical access to try compromising the wallet. 13. Private key A private key (i.e. a sequence of randomly generated characters) is what allows you to spend the cryptocurrency funds in your wallet. It is like a password that you need to make payments and send funds from your wallet. If you lose it you will not be able to access your funds, and theres no way to recover it. 14. Network confirmation Remember that Bitcoin (like other cryptocurrencies) is a decentralized digital currency, so there is no company or central authority confirming if a given transaction is valid or not. The Bitcoin network itself will confirm each transaction. Each node (see below) will check each transaction and confirm or deny its validity. The larger the number of confirmations a transaction has, the higher the probability that it is valid. Currently, with six confirmations you have 99.9% of certainty that the transaction is valid. 15. Node A computer which is connected to the Internet and runs the software of a given cryptocurrency. Nodes are responsible for validating transactions and packaging those transactions inside new blocks on the blockchain. In other words, it is the network of nodes that keeps a cryptocurrency running. 16. Light node It represents a computer running a light version of the cryptocurrency software which offers a limited amount of features, usually including payment verification. Some cryptocurrency projects allow light nodes to exist with the goal of increasing the total number of nodes available, possibly increasing the efficiency of the network and reducing the time to validate transactions. 17. Full node A computer running the full software of a cryptocurrency project, which includes all the transactions (and therefore all blocks) ever registered for this particular cryptocurrency. Running a full node is the only possible way to verify a transactions without relying on a third party. 18. Consensus Since cryptocurrencies don’t have a central authority determining which transactions are valid and which are not and in which order they took place, the network of nodes, relying purely on software and algorithms, needs to reach an agreement regarding those factors. Such an agreement is called network consensus. 19. Token Cryptocurrencies were originally developed to be used as electronic cash. Over time, however, people realized that the same technology (i.e. blockchain) could be used for other purposes, most notably smart contracts (see below). Units of those crypto projects that aim to have functionality beyond those of a digital currency are usually called tokens. 20. Security token This is a subcategory of tokens which usually represent real-life assets like company shares, real estate and so on. Security tokens are expected to make buying, selling and trading those assets much more efficient, even though they are subject to more regulation than other crypto projects. 21. Smart contract A digital contract that gets automatically executed by software upon its completion. Suppose you want to make a bet with a friend about whether or not it will rain tomorrow. You could use a smart contract for such a bet. Both you and your friend would deposit the money into a temporary Bitcoin wallet, and the software itself would verify whether or not there was rain on that specific day. The software would then transfer the money to the winning party. As you can see, using a smart contract has some advantages, as it can give more security to both sides as well as impartiality when evaluating the results. 22. Mining As explained above, network nodes are responsible for validating individual transactions. Once there are enough outstanding transactions a node can create a new block on the blockchain by solving a cryptographic challenge. The node that first solves such challenge will get rewarded a certain amount of units of that cryptocurrency (e.g. on the Bitcoin network nodes get rewarded Bitcoins for adding new blocks). The process of validating transactions and adding new blocks to the blockchain is called mining. This nickname was created because it is through this process that the amount of Bitcoin in circulation increases, similar to what happens with precious metals like gold. 23. Miner A person, group of people or company involved with mining a specific cryptocurrency. 24. CPU Acronym for Central Processing Unit. This electronic component is the brain of the computer, being responsible for carrying out logic and mathematical operations. If you are a miner, the more CPU power you have available the higher the chances that you will be able to solve the cryptographic challenges when mining Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies. 25. GPU Acronym for Graphical Processing Unit. This is a special purpose component in computers which is responsible for processing graphics. Some cryptocurrency projects have algorithms that allow for GPUs to be used in the mining process more efficiently than CPUs. 26. Satoshi Satoshi Nakamoto is the name of the person or entity that originally released the Bitcoin paper and software. Satoshi is also the name of the smallest unit of Bitcoin, representing one hundred millionth of a single Bitcoin. 27. Fork This is a software development term that also applies to cryptocurrency projects. When a fork happens, the current source code of the software is copied and used to start a new, independent version of the software. Usually a different team of programmers is responsible for the new version, and they carry out the fork because they want to have the autonomy to make modifications and/or improvements that the previous development team didn’t agree with. In the cryptocurrency world the most famous case is Bitcoin Cash, which was forked from the original Bitcoin in 2017. The developers behind Bitcoin Cash wanted to increase the size of the blocks on the Bitcoin blockchain, so that they could contain a larger number of transactions and thus be more efficient. Since the Bitcoin development team didn’t agree with this modification, the fork took place, practically creating a rival to Bitcoin. 28. Exchange An online platform where users can exchange one cryptocurrency for another. Some exchanges also allow users to exchange crypto currencies for fiat currencies and vice versa. 29. Stable coin A cryptocurrency which is backed by a fiat currency (e.g. the US dollar) or a commodity (e.g. gold). The idea behind stable coins is to provide liquidity and security for users who wish to temporarily sell their cryptocurrencies without removing their funds from the exchange. 30. Tether The largest stable coin in the market with a market cap of around $2 billion. 31. Double spending A type of financial fraud or attack. It involves spending the same amount of money twice, hoping that the second entity receiving the payment will not realize or not be able to verify that the money has already been spent on a previous transaction. This type of attack has happened with smaller cryptocurrency projects, however there is no confirmation of this attack happening with larger projects like Bitcoin or Ethereum. 32. 51% attack Since cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin do not have a central authority, it is the consensus of the network nodes that determine which transactions are valid and which are not. If a malicious user controls 51% of the network nodes he might be able to validate his own fraudulent transactions. The larger the number of nodes in the network, the harder it is to make this attack, and so far none of the popular crypto projects has suffered from it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should Know34 Writing Tips That Will Make You a Better Writer15 Names and Descriptions of Effects

The Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay Essay Example

The Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay Essay Example The Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay Essay The Concept Of Collaborative Working Social Work Essay Essay Collaboration is a interprofessional procedure of communicating and determination devising that enables shared cognition and accomplishments in wellness attention suppliers to synergistically act upon the ways service user/patient attention and the broader community wellness services are provided ( Way et al, 2002 ) . The development of collaborative working will needfully imply close interprofessional working ( Wilson et al. , 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Wilson et Al, ( 2008 ) and Hughes, Hemmingway A ; Smith, ( 2005 ) interprofessional and collaborative working describes sing the service user in a holistic manner, and the benefits to the service user that different administrations, such as Social Workers ( SW ) , Occupational Therapists ( OT ) and District Nurse ( DN ) and other wellness professionals can convey working together can accomplish. These definitions describe collaborative working as the act of people working together toward common ends. Integrated working involves seti ng the service user at the Centre of determination doing to run into their demands and better their lives ( Dept of Health, 2009 ) . This paper will concentrate first see why wellness attention pupils learn about working together so reexamining authorities policy and how this can be applied in a Social Care context, so on act uponing factors on the results of collaborative working mentions within the professional literature, and eventually, reexamining grounds on collaborative pattern in wellness and societal attention. Learning to work collaboratively with other professionals and bureaus is a clear outlook of societal worker in the prescribed course of study for the new Social Work Degree ( DoH 2002 ) . The grounds are field: a-? Service users want societal workers who can join forces efficaciously with others to obtain and provide services ( Audit Commission 2002 ) a-? Collaboration is cardinal in implementing schemes for effectual attention and protection of kids and of vulnerable adultsas underlined, severally, by the recent study of the Victoria Climbie Inquiry ( Crippling 2003 ) and the earlier No Secrets policies ( DoH 2000 ) a-? Effective coaction between staff at the front-line is besides a important ingredient in presenting the Government s broader ends of partnership between services ( Whittington 2003 ) . Experience is turning of what is involved in larning for collaborative pattern. This experience promises valuable information for Social Work Degree suppliers and others developing larning chances but has non been consistently researched in UK societal work programmes for a decennary ( Whittington 1992 ; Whittington et al 1994 ) . The suppliers of Diploma in Social Work programmes ( DipSW ) represented an untapped beginning of straight movable experience in this country of acquisition and were hence chosen as the focal point of the survey. Making collaborative pattern a world in establishments requires an apprehension of the indispensable elements, persistent and go oning attempts, and strict rating of results. Satisfaction, quality, and cost effectivity are indispensable factors on two dimensions: results for patient attention suppliers ; and results for patients. Ultimately, collaborative pattern can be recognized by demonstrated effectual communicating forms, accomplishment of enhanced patient attention results, and efficient and effectual support services in topographic point. If these standards are non met, collaborative pattern is a myth and non a world in your establishment. Simms LM, Dalston JW, Roberts PW. Collaborative pattern: myth or world? Hosp Health Serv Adm. 1984 Nov-Dec ; 29 ( 6 ) :36-48. PubMed PMID: 10268659. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed Health attention pupils are thought about coaction so that they can see the alone part that each professional can convey to the proviso of attention in a genuinely holistic manner. Learning about working together can assist forestall the development of negative stereotypes, which can populate interprofessional coaction. ( Tunstall-Pedoe et al 2003 ) Health attention pupils can associate theory they have leant with pattern and bring added value of successful collaborative pattern. ( www.facuity.londondeanery.ac.uk ) Learning collaborative pattern with other professionals is the nucleus outlook in societal work instruction both measure uping and station grad. Effective coaction and interaction can straight act upon a SU intervention, in a positive manner, and the antonym can be said about uneffective coaction that can hold terrible branchings, which has been cited in legion public enquiries. Professionals should besides portion information about SU s to maintain themselves and their co-workers safe from injury. Working together to safeguard kids states that developing on safeguarding kids and immature people should be embedded within a wider model of committedness to bury and multi-agency working at strategic and operational degrees underpinned by shared ends, be aftering procedures and values. The Children Act 1989 recognised that the designation and probe of kid maltreatment, together with the protection and support of victims and their households, requires multi-agency coaction. Caring for People ( DH, 1989 ) stated that successful coaction required a clear, common apprehension by every bureau of each others duties and powers, in order to do kick how and with whom coaction should be secured. It is apparent from the above that Government has been actively advancing collaborative working, and this is reflected in professional literature. Hence, the policy clime and legislative background were established to ease inter-agency and intra-agency coaction. The declared purpose has been to make high quality, needs-led, coordinated services that maximised pick for the service user ( Payne, 1995 ) . Political force per unit area in recent old ages has focused attending on interprofessional coaction in SW ( Pollard, Sellman A ; Senior, 2005 ) and when viewed as a good thing , it is worthwhile to critically analyze its benefits and drawbacks merely what is so good about it. ( Leathard, 2003 ) . Interprofessional coaction benefits the service user by the usage of complementary accomplishments, shared cognition, resources and possibility better occupation satisfaction. Soon after the new Labour authorities in 1997 gave a powerful new drift to the construct of coaction and partnership between wellness professionals and services, they recognised this and there was a overplus of societal policy enterprises official on collaborative working published. A clear indicant of this can be found in NHS Plan ( DH, 2000 ) , Modernizing the Social Services ( DH, 1998a ) . Policies concent rated on bureau constructions and better articulation working. This was nil new, since the 1970s there has been a turning accent on multiagency working. 1974 saw the first large imperativeness engagement in the decease of a kid ( Maria Coldwell ) and they questioned why professionals were non able to protect kids who they had identified as most at hazard. The pendulum of menace to kids so swung excessively much the other manner and the thresholds for intercessions were significantly lowered, which culminated with the Cleveland Inquiry of 1988 when kids were removed from their households when there was small concrete grounds of injury ( Butler-Sloss, 1988 ) , with excessively much accent put on the medical sentiment. An equilibrium was needed for a collaborative work moral principle to portion cognition and accomplishments and Munro ( 2010 ) provinces that other service bureaus can non and should non replace SWs, but there is a demand for bureaus to prosecute professionally about kid s, immature people and households on their caseloads. The Children Act 2004 ( Dept of Health, 2004 ) and associated authorities counsel, introduced following the Public Inquiry into the decease of Victoria Climbie in 2000, including Every Child Matters ( Dept of Health, 2003 ) , were written to emphasize the importance of interprofessional and multiagency working and to assist better it. The failure to join forces efficaciously was highlighted as one of many missed chances by the enquiry into the tragic decease of Victoria Climbie ( Laming, 2003 ) and Baby Peter ( Munro, 2009 ) . There is an premise that shared information is information understood jobs with information sharing and effectual commination are cited once more and once more in public question studies Rose and Barnes 2008 ; Brandon et Al, 2008 ) . These jobs can merely be approximately really practical issues, such as holds in information shearing, lost messages, names and references that are falsely recorded ( Crippling 2003 cited in Ten booby traps and how to avoid them 2010 ) An expressed purpose was to actuate the part of multiagency working. By 1997 Labour had been re elected and rolled out a figure of surveies into coaction. These surveies revealed the many complexnesss and obstructions to collaborative working ( Weinstein, 2003 ) . The chief drivers of the authorities s wellness and societal attention policies were partnership, coaction and multi-disciplinary working. One of the countries covered by Working Together to Safeguard Children 2010 ( Dept of Health, 2010 ) stated that administrations and bureaus should work together to recognize and pull off any person who presents a hazard of injury to kids. The Children Act 1989 ( Dept of Health, 1989 ) requires multi-agency coaction to assist indentify and look into any instances of kid maltreatment, and the protection and support of victims and their households. It should be remembered that everyone brings their piece of expertise/ cognition to assist construct the saber saw ( Working Together 2010 ) an d to measure the service user in a holistic manner. Although the virtues of coaction have seldom been disputed, the hazard of struggle between the professional groups remains. Some of the barriers to coaction are different resource allotment systems, different answerability constructions, professional tribalism, gait of alteration and disbursement restraints The disadvantages are if commissioning was led by wellness, an over-emphasis on wellness attention demands, and unfairnesss between patients from different patterns There are challenges in footings of professional and personal opposition to alter ; it is hard to alter entrenched attitudes even through inter-professional instruction. Sometimes professionals disagree about the causes of and the solutions to jobs, they may hold different aims because of different paradigms ( Pierson A ; M, 2010 ) . There are besides several concerns for SWs which include non cognizing which appraisals to utilize, looking to be different or work otherwise from others in the squad, non being taken earnestly or listened to by co-workers and non holding sufficient clip or resources because of budget restraints ( Warren, 2007 ) . Some of the logical thinking for this pessimistic temper is feelings of inequality and competitions, the comparative position and power of professionals, professional individuality and district. Different forms of answerability and discretion between professionals, are all lending factors to these feelings ( Hudson, 2002 ) . Thompson ( 2009 ) suggests that alternatively of the SW being viewed as the expert with all the replies to the jobs, they should step back and expression at what other professionals can lend. Collaborative working offers a manner frontward, in which the SW works with everyone involved with the clients ; carers, voluntary workers and other professional staff, to maximize the resources, therefore giving an chance for doing advancement and affording the service user the best possible attention. Weinstein, et Al, ( 2003 ) stated that although there are jobs with collaborative working, the possible positive results out-weight the negatives. There could be a more incorporate, seasonably and consistent response to the many complex homo jobs, fewer visits, better record maintaining and transportation of information, and some decrease of hazard ; therefore the whole is greater than the amount of the parts. If SWs work in silos , working in a vacuity, they are improbable to maximize their impact ( Brodie, 2008 ) . It is of import to utilize coaction and an interprofessional/multi bureau working civilization in Social Work in order that the most vulnerable service users receive the best possible appraisals of their demands. The advantages are better apprehension of the restraints of each bureau and system overall, shared information on local demands, decrease in duplicate of appraisals, better planning, avoiding the blame civilization when jobs occurred and accessing societal attention via wellness less stigmatising. Greater cognition of the SWs functions and duties by other wellness attention professionals will guarantee that the SWs function is non substituted in appraisal of the service users fortunes and demands ( Munro, 2010 ) . The Munro Report ( 2010 ) besides states that if everyone holds a piece of the saber saw a full image is impossible until every piece is put together. Working together to Safeguard Children states a multi-professional attack is required to guarantee coaction among all involved, which may include ambulance staff, A A ; E section staff, medical examiners officers, constabularies, GPs, wellness visitants, school nurses, community kids s nurses, accoucheuses, baby doctors, alleviant or terminal of life attention staff, mental wellness professionals, substance abuse workers, hospital mourning staff, voluntary bureaus, medical examiners, diagnosticians, forensic medical testers, local authorization kids s societal attention, YOTs, probation, schools, prison staff where a kid has died in detention and any others who may happen themselves with a part to do in single instances ( for illustration, fire combatants or faith leaders ) . In a survey by Carpenter et Al ( 2003 ) refering the impact on staff of supplying integrated attention in multi-disciplinary mental wellness squads in the North of England, the most positive consequences were found in countries where services were to the full integrated. There is much grounds to propose that coaction represents an ethical method of pattern where differences are respected, but used creatively to happen solutions to complex jobs. In kernel the service user should be cared for in a holistic attack and to accomplish this coaction is the reply. ( 1516 ) Professor Munro askes Some local countries have introduced societal work-led, multi-agency vicinity squads to assist inform best following stairss in regard of a kid or immature individual, including whether a formal kid protection intercession is needed. Do you believe this is utile? Do you hold grounds of it working good? What are the practical deductions of this attack? ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2011/01/04/116046/munro-asks-frontline-workers-what-needs-to-change.htm )

#1English Civil War and Glorious Revolution Senten Essays - Royalty

#1English Civil War and Glorious Revolution Sentence Sort Directions: Using pages 420-430 and 486-489, put the following events in proper chronological order. Then, use the blank paper provided to create an illustrated timeline of the English Civil War and Glorious Revolution. You may not have dates for all events, but should put them on the timeline in the order in which they occurred. Your timeline should include all of the information listed below and at least 10 color illustrations of the events of your choice. Due: Nov 6 6. Charles I clashed with dissenters, Prides Purge (or Protestants called Puritans who wanted to "purify" the Church of England). 1648 7. Supporters of the king, called Cavaliers, and supporters of Parliament and Puritanism, called Roundheads, clash and fight a Civil War. 1642-49 19. John Locke's Second Treatise of Civil Government, defends the Glorious Revolution. Government is a contract between the ruled and the ruler for protection of life, liberty and property. 1689 2. Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church and asked Parliament to approve the Act of Supremacy making him the head of the Church of England. 8. The Rump Parliament and Oliver Cromwell condemned the king to death as a "tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy". Charles I is executed on January 30, 1649. 3. Elizabeth I creates the Anglican Church, and worked with Parliament making "Good Queen Bess" a popular ruler. She tolerates the Puritans. 15. James II, who inherited the throne, are Catholic supporters and try to become absolute monarchs, grants religious freedom to all and attempts to rule without Parliament. He has an infant son. 9. Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan, which argues that human beings are selfish, and limited. Therefore, they need to enter into a political contract that creates a commonwealth controlled by a sovereign who will protect them. "Do not that to another which you would not have done to yourself." 1651 5. 1640-1660 The Long Parliament ignores Bishop Laud and Charles, they imprison Laud (and execute him), abolish the Star Chamber, and insist that taxes can only be levied with their permission. 17. William and Mary have to accept the English Bill of Rights 1689, which clearly established Parliament's power to make laws, levy taxes and consent when a king wanted to raise an army. It guarantees the independence of the judiciary, and the sole power of Parliament to make laws and open debate. Grants all Protestants freedom of religion. 1. The Magna Carta laid the foundation for English rights, where the king needed to consult with Parliament regarding common laws. 20. Political parties, the Whigs and the Tories emerge to protect the policies of the Glorious Revolution. They support business interest and religious toleration. They sought to preserve order. 13 Parliament restores the monarchy, after Cromwell dies, known as "The Restoration". Charles II returns from France and freedoms are returned to the English people. 10. Cromwell dissolves the Rump Parliament and establishes a military dictatorship, naming himself "Protector," and insisting that the revolution was good and he will protect the people. 1649-1653 14. Charles II passes the Test Act and engages in secret negotiations with Louis XIV 16. In 1688, William and Mary "invade" England and become king and queen with no bloodshed. This is the Glorious Revolution. 20. Robert Walpole becomes the first prime minister, and becomes the confidant of George I of the Hanover's. 12. Cromwell dies in 1658, and former Cavaliers are able to return to politics. 18. England becomes a limited or constitutional monarchy, and the divine- right theory is destroyed. 11. Cromwell becomes the leader of the new Commonwealth, he establishes the Protectorate. Puritan beliefs are forced upon the English people, the press is censored, theaters are closed, and elections are cancelled. 1653-1658 MILITARY DICTATORSHIP 4. James I or James IV of Scotland becomes King of England, he angers the Puritans when he disagrees with their Millenary Petition ( "...no bishops, no king.), issues The King James Bible, supported absolute monarchy and some people felt he was pro-Catholic

The Role of the audit committee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Role of the audit committee - Essay Example The paper will discuss the roles, the responsibilities and the effectiveness of the audit committee in details. The independence of the audit committee and how its independence is ensured will be explored. The current issues that are being faced by the audit committee in the context of various accounting misrepresentations will also be analysed. Role of Audit Committee The Role of Audit Committee in the US and the UK and Oversight of Internal and External Auditors and Overseeing Financial Reporting The audit committee has the responsibility of judging the validity of financial statements. The internal financial controls of the company and the company’s risk management system are reviewed by the audit committee (Financial Reporting Council, 2010). The audit committee is responsible for hiring the external auditors. They have the right to fire the external auditors if their performance is not satisfactory. ... The audit committee has the authority to hire as well as terminate the independent auditors. They approve the fees of engaged auditors. They conduct discussion with the independent auditors regarding the approach that will be taken in conducting the audit. They conduct a review of the audit that is done by the independent auditor to understand the areas of concern and make suggestions. They conduct an annual review of the audit report of the independent auditor. The audit committee reviews the company’s accounting controls internally along with the risk management policies of the company. They monitor the financial reporting and financial disclosures in the company. The financial statements that are audited are discussed with the management and the auditors. The audit committee reports regularly to the board of directors regarding their inference from audit reports (Singh, 2005). The audit committee is responsible for ensuring independence of both internal and external auditor s. The audit committee has a liaison with internal and external auditors. The external auditors underwrite the validity of accounting information. The audit committee has the responsibility of ensuring the independence of the internal auditors. They provide resources to the internal auditors to ensure quality of the information. The internal auditors report to the audit committee. The compliance with standards and code of ethics of the internal auditors make things easier for the audit committee (The Institute of Internal Auditors, 2004). Importance and Effectiveness of Audit Committees The rising scandals and fraudulence activities in the corporate world have increased the

Authentic Leadership Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Authentic Leadership - Dissertation Example The second article deals with increased performance due to trust given by subordinates to their leaders. Individuals with disability are excluded from social participation. Authentic leaders require strategies that involve these individuals in social contributions. This is discussed in the third article. The last article deals with strategic orientations for coping with organizational change. Different leaders have different goal oriented inclinations, which affect sustainability of change in an organization. From Avolio Bruce (2009) Most researchers concentrate on what a leader does, what they have done in the past, and how they have performed as a measure of quality leadership. Constituents of genuine leadership require a frontier of both the practice and science of leadership. In the current world, organizations are competing for leadership talent. Governments and businesses are concerned with developing leadership that will promote a sustainable world. The world is faced with fin ite resources, which calls for more attention for management and leadership qualities. The current leadership interventions aim at enhancing the self awareness of leaders. In the previous regimes of leadership, charismatic leaders could use symbols, images, and rhetoric to perform above ordinary levels (Avolio and Gibbons, 1988). These leaders sacrificed everything to show their followers their commitment to achieving their vision. According to Burns (1978) such leaders were inspiring, morally uplifting, and focused on converting followers into leaders. They transformed several of their followers into leaders. However, not all charismatic leaders are morally uplifting. Some leaders like Joseph Stalin advantaged on group by destroying others. They eliminated other people inclined towards leadership. Transformational leadership is characteristic on the leader throughout their life span (Avolio and Luthans, 2006). These leaders are inspiring and visionary. Positive outcomes in the orga nization and within an individual emanate from transformational leadership (Judge and Piccolo, 2004). According to Kegan (1994) leaders guided by self interest make it difficult to invest time to develop their followers into leaders. Their moral perspective is typically stuck at determining their personal gaining from transforming others into leaders. They dislike changes in the leadership positions and cannot judge the overall best course to pursue in transforming others. An authentic leader is self-aware, moral centered, transparent, and fair in decision making (George, 2003). As individuals advance in experience and wisdom, they shift from individual performers to morally uplifting and focus on transforming followers. Some of these leaders display transformational qualities but lack the moral basis to become transformational. Such leaders are seen to be very successful but leave their organizations in ruins. This is as a result of lack of transformational nature in these leaders and self motivated gains. Leadership is more made than born. In an incremental perspective, development is more elastic and modifiable within the life course. However, those who believe that leaders are born have an entity view. They consider personality and leadership as fixed entities at certain points in the life stream. Developing leadership is therefore difficult in people who think certain things are fixed. Transformational leadership should exist in strategic levels in an organization. Cascading effects are witnessed

Non Profit Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Non Profit Leadership - Research Paper Example As per the nonprofit trend survey of 2013, nearly 69% of demand lacks to overcome the requirement of senior nonprofit leaders. There has been constant demand for the nonprofit leaders in order to provide proper staffing for the welfare of the society and to increase the source of funding. Since, the nonprofit sector have no profit generation capability and its available resources are limited thus, it is vital that leaders in this sector are more competent towards making the best possible use of the available resources with minimum wastage. Concurrently, the demand for effective resource planning, and motivating these individual engaged in the sector is extremely essential. Correspondingly, it can be argued that there is greater demand for leaders who are eligible and competent to fulfill the various requirements of the nonprofit sector. Moreover, fundraising is essential element for the successful performance of nonprofit sector. However, fundraising requires efficient planning and t heir execution in the most effective manner. Hence, it requires competent leaders who have planning as well as problem solving skills. Strategizing new initiates for the welfare of the society, educating children, assisting in eradication of poverty are general motive of nonprofit sector. Consequently, meeting those goals and objectives seeks for leaders who are capable of guiding and directing the activities of the non-profit organization. Staff retention, providing a flexible work environment, hiring staff also forms key elements for the success of non-profit sector. It can be argued without efficient and competent leaders, it is quite difficult for attaining requisite... Non Profit Leadership The leaders in any organization have significant influence on the performance of the organization as well as on its objectives. Correspondingly, the need for leaders is also ascertained to be extremely vital in the non-profit sector due to several reasons. More specifically, the non-profit sector is concerned with the welfare of the society and has limited resources. Thus, it requires efficient utilization of the available resource which seeks for competent leaders. The role of leaders in the non-profit sector can be identified to be diverse and more complex than the role of leaders in the commercial sector. Leaders in the non-profit sector are required to possess certain personality traits such as problem solving skills, planning and organizing skills, team management skills and relationship building skills among other for successful execution of various function required to meet the objectives of the non-profit organization. Furthermore, it has been identified that there are relati vely less diversity concerning with leaders in the non-profit sector as compared to business leaders. To sum up, it can be asserted that leaders in the non-profit sector are required to display proactive role in order to encourage young leaders. It is equally important to develop approach that would provide financial support to young leaders as well as to implement innovative ideas that would radically promote the goals and objectives of the non-profit organization.